Name: ______________________________________
Multiple Choice
Directions: Circle the letter that BEST completes each
statement.
1.
The heart weighs between …
a.
7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a little
larger than the size of your fist.
b.
3 and 5 ounces (100 to 200 grams) and is a little
larger than the size of your fist.
c.
9 and 18 ounces (250 to 475 grams) and is a little smaller
than the size of your fist.
d.
5 and 12 ounces (150 to 350 grams) and is a little smaller
than the size of your fist.
2.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have
beat more than ___ billion times.
a.
4.5
b.
3.5
c.
1.5
d.
2.5
3.
Each day, the average heart beats ____________ times.
a.
1,000
b.
10,000
c.
100,000
d.
1,000,000
4.
The average
heart pumps about ___________ gallons ( ________ liters) of blood each day.
a.
20,000 (75,571)
b.
200,000 (700,571)
c.
2,000 (7,571)
d.
2,000,000 (7,500,571)
e.
200 (757)
5.
Your heart has ___ chambers.
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
d.
5
e.
6
6.
Your heart has ___ valves.
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
d.
5
e.
6
7.
The double-layered
membrane surrounding the heart
is called the_________________.
a.
pericardium
b. plural sac
c. mediastinal
d. pnemothorax
e. pons centre
8.
The
purpose of the circulatory system
is to …
a. Allow us to breathe.
b. Support the administration of
medication or fluids.
c.
Transport
oxygen and nutrients to the body and to remove wastes and other by-products
from the body.
d.
Send chemical signals to all parts of the body through
chemo-receptors.
e.
All of the above
f.
None of the above
9.
Blood acts as the transportation medium for these
materials and is pumped through the body by the ____________.
a.
pancreas
b.
bundle of His
c.
heart
d.
red blood cells
e.
All of the above
f.
None of the above
10. Blood is comprised of …
a.
spinal fluid, quartz, and other minerals absorbed into
the blood by digestion.
b.
red and blue blood cells, HIV, HBV, and HCV.
c.
red
blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets
d.
intra-cellular material, xylum, phloem, and cellulose,
e.
red blood cells, white blood cells, chlorophyll, water,
nutrients and waste.
f.
All of the above
g.
None of the above
11. White blood cells are part of the
body's defense against ________________.
a. anaphylaxis
b. hypothermia and other heat-related
issues
c. the mitochondria and golgi apparatus
d.
infection
e.
All of the above
f.
None of the above
12. Platelets are cells that...
a.
Allow
the transport of oxygen to all tissues in the body
b.
Protect
the body from disease
c.
fight
any infection
d.
help
the blood clot
e.
All of the above
f.
None of the above
13. plasma…
a. transports oxygen to all body
tissues.
b. is the fluid that carries the blood
cells and nutrients.
c.
surrounds
and fights any pathogen that enters the body.
d.
Is the
fluid that helps the blood to clot
e.
All of the above
f.
None of the above
14. The ____________ ___________ receives blood from the
veins of the body and the heart and pumps oxygen-poor blood to the right
ventricle.
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d.
left
ventricle
15. The ____________ ___________ pumps blood to the lungs.
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle
16. The ____________ ___________ receives blood from the
pulmonary veins (lungs) and pumps oxygen-rich blood to left ventricle.
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle
17. The ____________ ___________ pumps blood to the body.
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c.
left
atrium
d.
left
ventricle
18. __________ _________ — regulates blood flow between the right atrium and
right ventricle.
a. Tricuspid Valve
b. Pulmonary Valve
c. Mitral Valve
d. Aortic Valve
19. __________ _________ — controls blood flow from the right
ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick
up oxygen.
a. Tricuspid Valve
b. Pulmonary Valve
c. Mitral Valve
d. Aortic Valve
20. __________ _________ — lets oxygen-rich blood from your
lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
a. Tricuspid Valve
b. Pulmonary Valve
c. Mitral Valve
d. Aortic Valve
21. __________ _________ — opens the way for oxygen-rich blood
to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta (body's largest artery), where
it is delivered to the rest of your body.
a. Tricuspid Valve
b. Pulmonary Valve
c. Mitral Valve
d. Aortic Valve
22. Any
irregularity in your heart's natural rhythm is called an ___________________.
a. arrhythmia
b. angioplasti
c. arterial-passive rhythm
d. aortic valve block
e. irregular heart block
f.
All of the above
g.
None of the above
23. ____________
____________happen in the heart's two lower chambers, called the ventricles
a. Ventricular arrhythmias
b. Supraventricular arrhythmias
c. Arterial arrhythmias
d. AV block arrhythmias
e. SA block arrhythmias
f.
All of the above
g.
None of the above
24. ____________
____________happen in the structures above the ventricles, mainly the atria,
which are the heart's two upper chambers.
a. Ventricular arrhythmias
b. Supraventricular arrhythmias
c. Arterial arrhythmias
d. AV block arrhythmias
e. SA block arrhythmias
f.
All of the above
g.
None of the above
25. Arrhythmias
are further defined by the speed of the heartbeats. A very slow heart rate,
called _____________, means the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute. ______________
is a very fast heart rate, meaning the heart beats faster than 100 beats per
minute. _______________, the most serious form of arrhythmia, is fast,
uncoordinated beats, which are contractions of individual heart-muscle fibers.
a. Tachycardia, Fibrillation, Bradycardia
b. Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Fibrillation
c. Fibrillation, Bradycardia, Tachycardia
d. Bradycardia, Tachycardia, Fibrillation
e. Bradycardia, Fibrillation, Tachycardia
f.
All of the above
g.
None of the above
Fill in the Blanks
Directions: fill in each blank. (1 mark for each blank)
1. A
heartbeat is a ________-part pumping action that takes about a ___________. As
blood collects in the upper chambers (the right and left ___________), the
heart's natural pacemaker (the _____ node) sends out an electrical signal that
causes the ___________ to contract. This contraction pushes blood through the
____________ and _________ valves into the resting lower chambers (the right
and left ________________). This part of the two-part pumping phase (the longer
of the two) is called ____________.
2. The
second part of the pumping phase begins when the ______________ are full of
blood. The electrical signals from the ____ node travel along a pathway of
cells to the _______________, causing them to _____________. This is called _________. As the ______________ and ____________
valves shut tight to prevent a back flow of blood, the ___________________ and
___________ valves are pushed open. While blood is pushed from the __________
ventricle into the lungs to pick up oxygen, oxygen-rich blood flows from the
____________ ventricle to the heart and other parts of the body.
3. After
blood moves into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, the _____________ relax,
and the pulmonary and aortic valves ___________. The ______________ pressure in
the ventricles causes the _________________ and ____________ valves to open,
and the cycle begins again. This series of contractions is repeated over and
over again, increasing during times of exertion and decreasing while you are at
rest. The heart normally beats about ____ to 80 times a minute when you are at
rest, but this can vary. As you get older, your ___________ heart rate rises.
Also, it is usually _________________ in people who are physically fit.
4. Your
heart does not work alone, though. Your ______________ tracks the conditions
around you—climate, stress, and level of physical activity—and adjusts your
_________________________ system to meet those needs.
5. The
human heart is a __________________ designed to remain strong and reliable for
a hundred years or longer. By reducing your _______________ factors for
cardiovascular disease, you may help your heart stay healthy longer.
6. Your
heart has a natural "___________________-" called the _______________
(SA) node. The SA node is a specialized group of cells at the top of your
heart's upper-__________ chamber (the ___________ atrium). Anywhere between
____ and 100 times a minute, the SA node sends an ____________ impulse
throughout your heart to cause it to beat (contract).
7. When
the SA node sends an electrical impulse, that impulse first travels through the
heart's upper chambers (the ___________). It then passes through a small group
of cells called the _______________________ (AV) node. The AV node checks the
impulse and sends it along a track called the bundle of ______. The bundle of
_____ divides into a right and left bundle branch, which lead to your heart's _________
chambers (the ________________).
8. Sometimes
the electrical impulse cannot travel throughout the heart because part of the
heart's conduction system is "blocked." If an impulse is blocked as
it travels through the bundle branches, you are said to have _______________ ________________
___________.
9. If
there is a block in one of these branches, the electrical impulse must travel
to the _____________ by a different route. When this happens, the __________
and ____________ of your heartbeat are not affected, but the impulse is ________________.
Your ventricle will still contract, but it will take longer because of the
slowed impulse. This slowed impulse causes one ventricle to contract a fraction
of a second _________________ than the other.
10. The block
can be caused by _______________ artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or valve
disease. Right bundle branch block may also occur in a ___________________
heart.
11. We worry
about bundle branch block because it can be a warning sign of other, more
serious heart conditions. For example, it might mean that a small part of your
heart is not getting enough _______________-rich ____________. Also,
researchers have found that people who have left bundle branch block may be at
greater risk for ____________ disease than are people who do not have the
condition.
12. Doctors can
use an ___________________________ (EKG or ECG) machine to record the
electrical impulses of your heart. Bundle branch block shows up on the EKG
tracing. The __________________ patterns recorded by the EKG machine can even
show your doctor whether the block is located in the right or left bundle
branch.
13. In most
cases, bundle branch block does not need _________________. But patients who
have bundle branch block along with another heart condition may need treatment.
For example, if bundle branch block develops during a heart attack, you may
need a ________________. After a heart attack, your heart is fragile, and
bundle branch block may cause a very slow heart rhythm (__________________). A __________________
will help regulate the heart's _________________ after a heart attack.
14. For
patients with both bundle branch block and dilated cardiomyopathy, a new type
of pacing called _____________ _________________________ ___________________
(CRT) may be used. Normally, pacemakers pace only one of the lower heart
chambers (the _______________) at a time. But CRT re-coordinates the beating of
the two _____________ by pacing them at the same time. Recent studies have
shown that CRT works for certain patients with both bundle branch block and
dilated cardiomyopathy.
15. Some people
are born with arrhythmias, meaning the condition is ________________. Some
medical conditions, including many types of heart disease and high blood _______________,
may be factors. Also, ____________, ______________, ______________, _____________,
and some over-the-counter ______________ and _____________ medicines can affect
the pattern of your heartbeat.
16. Anti-_____________________ medicines,
including digitalis, __________-blockers, and ______________ channel blockers,
are often the first approach taken for treating arrhythmia.
17. Ventricular
______________ and ventricular __________________ can be treated by an implantable _____________________
defibrillator (ICD). This is a device that applies electric
impulses or, if needed, a ______________ to restore a normal heartbeat. The
device's power source is implanted in a pouch beneath the skin of your ___________
or the area above your _________________ and connected to patches placed on
your heart.
18. An electronic ____________________ is
used in some cases of slow heart rate. ______________ than a matchbox, the
pacemaker is surgically implanted near the bone below your __________ (the ________________).
The _________________'s batteries supply the electrical energy that acts like
your heart's natural ___________________.
19. Radiofrequency ________________ is a
procedure that uses a catheter and a device for mapping the electrical pathways
of the heart. After you are given medicine to relax you, a catheter is inserted
into a __________ and guided to your heart, where doctors use high-frequency ___________
____________ to destroy (__________) the pathways causing the arrhythmia.
20.
_______________ _______________ - The vessels that supply the heart with
blood.
21.
__________ -
the major artery originating from the heart and lying in front of the spine in
the thoracic and abdominal cavities…divides at the level of the navel into the
iliac arteries.
22.
________________ ________________ - originates at the right ventricle and carries
oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
23.
____________ _________________ - is the major artery of the neck
that supplies the head with blood. Pulsations can be palpated on either side of
the neck.
24.
________________ ___________ - is the major artery of the thigh that
supplies the groin and the lower extremities with blood. Pulsations can be
palpated in the groin area.
25.
___________ ____________ - is the major artery of the lower hand. Pulsations can be palpated at
the wrist thumbside.
26.
____________ ___________ - is an artery of the upper arm. Pulsations can be palpated on the
inside of the arm between the elbow and the shoulder. This artery is used when
determining a blood pressure (BP) using a BP cuff (sphygmomanometer) and a stethoscope.
27.
________________ ____________ ______________ - runs through the leg. Pulsations can be
palpated on the posterior surface of the medial malleolus.
28. ______________ ____________ - is an artery in the foot.
Pulsations can be palpated on the anterior surface of the foot.
29. As the arteries branch throughout
the body, they become smaller and smaller. The smallest branches of an artery
are called ___________________, which lead to the ______________,
which are found in all parts of the body and allow for the exchange of
nutrients and waste at the cellular level. Blood is returned to the heart
through the ___________. The smallest branches of the veins are called _____________,
which lead to the ______________.
30.
________________ _______________ - carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to
the left atrium.
31.
________________ _______________ ___________ - carries oxygen-poor blood
from the upper body back to the right atrium.
32. ________________ _______________ ___________ - carries
oxygen-poor blood from the lower body back to the right atrium.
33. _____________________ is the circulation of blood through
an organ structure. _______________ delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the
cells of all organ systems and removes waste products. ___________________
is the inadequate circulation of blood through an organ.
34.
Blood
pressure (also called the “____________ _______________”) is the pressure of
circulating blood against the ___________ of the arteries. __________________
blood pressure is the pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the
left ventricle contracts. This is the ___________ number in a blood pressure
reading. The pressure __________ when the left ventricle relaxes.
35. _______________ blood pressure is
the pressure exerted against the __________ of the artery when the left
ventricle is at rest. This is the _____________ number in a blood pressure
reading.
36. High blood
pressure can affect your health in four main ways:
_______________ of the
_________________ — Pressure inside your arteries can cause the muscles
that line the walls of the arteries to thicken. Thickening causes the arteries
to narrow. A heart attack or stroke can occur if a blood clot blocks blood flow
to your heart or brain.
37. _________________ _______________ —
High blood pressure increases the amount of work for your heart. Like any
heavily exercised muscle in your body, your heart grows bigger. The bigger your
heart is, the less able it is to maintain proper blood flow. As a result, you
feel weak and tired and are not able to exercise or perform physical
activities. Your heart has begun to fail.
Without treatment, your heart failure will only get worse.
38. ____________ ______________ —
Prolonged high blood pressure can damage your kidneys if the arteries supplying
your kidneys with blood are affected.
39. _________ ________________ — If you
have diabetes, high blood pressure can cause the tiny capillaries in the retina
of your eye to bleed. This condition, called retinopathy, can lead to blindness.
40. Fill in the
following chart:
Category
|
Systolic
(mm Hg)
|
Diastolic
(mm Hg)
|
Normal
|
Lower than ______
|
Lower than ____
|
Prehypertension
|
_______ - _______
|
_______ - _______
|
Hypertension:
|
|
|
- Stage 1
|
_______ - _______
|
_______ - _______
|
- Stage 2
|
_____ or higher
|
_____ or higher
|
41. The first
course of action usually involves ______________ changes, especially for people
with ___________________.
Start eating a low-fat and low-salt diet, Lose weight, if you need to, Begin a
regular exercise program, Learn to manage stress, If you smoke, quit, Drink alcohol
in moderation, if at all, Remember that moderate intake is an average of one or
two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women.
42. Medicines
are available if these changes do not help control your blood pressure within 3
to 6 months. _____________ help rid your body of water and sodium. ______
inhibitors block the enzyme that raises your blood pressure.
43. Other types
of medicines — _________ blockers, _______________ channel blockers, and other _____________
— work in different ways, but their overall effect is to help relax and widen
your blood vessels and _______________ the pressure inside the vessel.
44. As the left ventricle contracts, it
sends a wave of blood through the arteries. This wave can be felt, or ______________,
anywhere an artery simultaneously passes near the skin surface and over a bone.
Common places to feel for a pulse include the following:
45.
The
____________ pulse is taken at
the neck.
46.
The
____________ pulse is taken in
the groin area.
47.
The
____________ pulse can be felt
on the thumb side of the wrist.
48.
The
____________ pulse can be felt
on the inside of the upper arm.
49.
The
____________ ____________ pulse
can be felt on the inside of the ankle.
50. The ____________ ____________ pulse can be felt on the top of the
foot.
Matching
Directions: Match each item in the left-hand column with the
correct description from the right-hand columns. Write the letter of the
correct description in the space provided or alongside the description. (1 mark
each)
___ 1. Angiotensin
II receptor blockers
___ 2. Angiotensin-Converting
Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
___ 3. Class I antiarrhythmic
___ 4. Class II antiarrhythmic
___ 5. Class III antiarrhythmic
___ 6. Class IV antiarrhythmic
___ 7. Antiplatelet
Therapy
___ 8. Aspirin
___ 9. Beta-Blockers
___ 10. Blood-Thinning
Medicines
___ 11. Calcium
Channel Blockers
___ 12. Cholesterol-Lowering
Medicines
___ 13. Statins
___ 14. Bile Acid Sequestrants or Resins
___ 15. Nicotinic
Acid
___ 16. Fibric Acid Derivatives
___ 17.
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
___ 18.
Digitalis Medicines
___ 19. Diuretics
___ 20. Nitrate
|
a.
Is used to lower
levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol. This medicine can also be given
in combination with a statin. These medications work in the digestive tract
by reducing the amount of cholesterol absorbed from foods you eat. It is
important that you stay on a cholesterol-lowering diet while taking this
medicine.
b.
Control
irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmias) by slowing the signals that
start in the sinoatrial (SA) node. This, in turn, reduces the number of
signals that travel through the atrioventricular (AV node). Fewer signals
mean fewer arrhythmias.
c.
Slow the
electrical impulses in the heart by blocking the heart's potassium channels.
d.
Slow the rate at
which calcium passes into the heart muscle and into the vessel walls. This
relaxes the vessels.
e.
A group of
medicines that stop blood cells from sticking together and forming a blood
clot.
f.
"Block"
the effects of adrenaline on your body's beta receptors. This slows the nerve
impulses that travel through the heart. As a result, your heart does not have
to work as hard because it needs less blood and oxygen.
g.
Are
beta-blockers, which work by blocking the impulses that may cause an
irregular heart rhythm and by interfering with hormonal influences (such as
adrenaline) on the heart's cells. By doing this, they also reduce blood
pressure and heart rate.
h.
Are used to
lower triglyceride levels. These types of medications break down the
particles that make triglycerides and use them in other ways in your body.
Lower triglycerides can lead to increased levels of HDL ("good")
cholesterol.
i.
A type of
medicine called a salicylate.
j.
Part of a class
of medicines called anticoagulants.
k.
Sodium-channel
blockers, which slow electrical conduction in the heart.
l.
These medicines
block the action of angiotensin II, an enzyme that is responsible for causing
the blood vessels to narrow.
m.
Used to treat
congestive heart failure (CHF) and high blood pressure (hypertension). You
may also be given this medication after you have had a heart attack, because
some studies have shown that these medicines may prevent further damage to
the heart muscle. This medication is also prescribed for certain kinds of
kidney problems, especially if you have diabetes. These medicines block an
enzyme in the body that is responsible for causing the blood vessels to
narrow.
n.
Work like class
II medicines but act by blocking the calcium channels in the heart.
o.
Are a
vasodilator
p.
Sometimes called
"water pills."
q.
Is a form of
vitamin B. It appears to slow the liver's production of certain chemicals
that help to make LDL ("bad") cholesterol. This medication has also
been found to lower triglycerides and raise HDL ("good
cholesterol") levels.
r.
Statins, Bile
Acid Sequestrants or Resins, Nicotinic Acid, Fibric Acid Derivatives, Cholesterol
Absorption Inhibitors
s.
Also called
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. HMG-CoA reductase is an enzyme that helps your
body make cholesterol. This medication helps to block this enzyme, which
causes your body to make less cholesterol.
t.
Your body uses
cholesterol to make bile, an acid used in the digestive process. These
medicines bind to bile, so it cannot be used during the digestive process.
Your liver responds by making more bile. The more bile your liver makes, the
more cholesterol it uses. So, less cholesterol is left to circulate through
your bloodstream.
|
Diagram
Directions: Annotate the following diagrams. (1 mark each blank)